A PCM (protection circuit module) is a type of PCB (circuit board) intended for use in a simple lithium ion battery pack. A larger, more complicated battery pack PCB is called a BMS (battery management system).
The PCM can offer the li-ion battery pack protection against over-temperature, over-current, over-discharge, over-charge, and short-circuit. A PCM comes in a variety of shapes and sizes to fit powerbanks, flashlights, and other electronic devices.
A protection circuit module is commonly used when building an 18650 battery pack to keep the cells in safe operating conditions.